To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.WATER deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild WATER deficit stress), 60 (moderate WATER deficit stress) and 80% (severe WATER deficit stress) of WATER used (available WATER)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by application of urea in mild WATER deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate WATER deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe WATER deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate WATER deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of WATER soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate WATER deficit stress (22.06%) and application of urea in severe WATER deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild WATER deficit stress application to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, application of urea in mild WATER deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

The issue of passive defense has become very important due to the increasing number of terrorist attacks around the world and the possibility of targeting various structures. WATER storage tanks are such targeted structures which are very vulnerable to EXPLOSIONs and the destruction of this type of structure may cause unrecoverable losses in terms of humanistic, economical, and environmental parameters. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of EXPLOSIONs on cyclic stresses and the displacement created on the body of a cylindrical reinforced concrete tank with WATER content due to hydrodynamic forces by considering the amount of WATER filling and the dimensions of the tanks. Also, according to the distances of 5 and 10 meters from the center of the EXPLOSION, the cyclic stresses created in the body of the tanks are investigated. For this purpose, Abacus commercial software has been used to numerically simulate three tanks with the heights of 4, 6, and 8 meters and a fixed radius of 3 meters with a filling percentage of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 percent of WATER. The results show that with increasing the percentage of WATER filling, the hardness of the tank has increased and has caused the displacement of the body to have a decrease of 31. 25% for a fully filled tank compared to an empty tank. WATER filling also reduces the sensitivity of tanks to instability. The results show that the cyclic stresses of the tank body are affected by blast waves from the outside and WATER pressure from the inside so that the presence of WATER in the tank has caused the cyclic stresses in the body to increase by about 20 MPa.

This article deals with response of cylindrical shell subjected to loading of UNDER WATER EXPLOSION (UNDEX) when WATER current is introduced to the surrounding environment. Cylindrical shells as one of main basic structural elements in construction of marine and submarine facilities are prone to UNDEX threat. Due to vicissitudes of conducting experiments in this field and also complicated inherent of fluid-solid interaction phenomenon, numerical models can be used as an effective tool for scrutinizing the problem. In this study, a submerged thin walled cylindrical shell and its surrounding WATER discretized by coupled shell Lagrangian elements and Eulerian cells respectively. Simulations are performed in AUTODYN hydrocode. For better perceiving of phenomenon, studies are done for two various explosive charge stand-off distances. Results show that introduction of flow to WATER, can tangibly change the symmetrical configuration of flow- less problem. Due to intricate interaction of WATER flow and EXPLOSION bubble, distribution of UNDEX overpressure and impulse is disturbed and this leads to un-symmetric deformation of cylindrical shell. Also amplitudes of deflection are reduced obviously by increasing flow velocity.

Most of UNDERground structures are designed and built to withstand the effects of precision penetrating weapons and heavy bombs in the soil. Usually the depth of the structures is high and there is no possibility of missiles to the main structure. Accordingly, the design of these structures is performed for blast loads. The EXPLOSION phenomenon is a type of high strain rate problem that requires dynamic analysis to solve. Also, due to the interaction between UNDERground structures and soil, the analysis of these structures is affected by any type of nonlinear analysis. Thus, the analysis of UNDERground structures in simulations affected by the EXPLOSION is a high strain rate problem that requires nonlinear dynamic analysis. There are two implicit and explicit solutions to dynamic analysis that, given the EXPLOSION problems, their analysis is explicitly integral. The loading of UNDERground structures is often based on the relationships obtained from theoretical and experimental research. Currently, the most important reference for explosive loading in the field of UNDERground structures is the US code (TM5-855-1) provided by the US army. The numerical simulation methods have recently been widely used as a novel method in the calculation of nonlinear dynamic loads. According to the researchers, among the explicit software available in AUTODYN software, due to its ability to solve very high strain rate problems, it yields good results from simulation and EXPLOSION problem analysis. On the other hand, the explosive loading of UNDERground structures is often based on theoretical and empirical research. In this study, a numerical simulation method was used to analyze and simulate the effect of the surface EXPLOSION on the UNDERground structure. Also, all the simulation steps were performed using AUTODYN hydrocode. In order to analyze the loading and response of UNDERground structures, the effect of the explosive charge weight and the depth of burial of the structure has been studied and the numerical results have been compared with the relationships presented in reliable US scientific and guidance sources. Finally, suggestions are made to improve the loading of these structures. Also, considering the results of the load on the roof of the structure, it was observed that the values of the US code are conservative compared to the other two methods. Therefore, it is recommended not to apply 1. 5 incremental coeficient load to the structure in accordance with this instruction. The numerical simulation results including a comparison of maximum pressure and the velocity values with the values provided in the by code (TM5-855-1) showed that the predicted values for the maximum pressure values larger than of instructions America's Army. The reason for this is that the code assumes that the investigations take place in the full EXPLOSION range (mating coefficient f = 1), while in the numerical model UNDER consideration, the EXPLOSION is formed at the joint surface of air and soil. Hence the coupling coefficient is equal to (f = 0. 4). In other words, the depth of the explosive charge is almost zero and there is little difference between the results.

In this research behavior of bubble due to UNDER WATER EXPLOSION and it's effects on ship structure have been studied. For determination of these effects field equations must be derived and solved them by mathematical simulation. Mathematical model is corn in follow, it show physical rules on impression of bubble oscillation on body ship. This model is solved by combination of Euler method, 5 steps Adams-Beshforse method and 4 step Adams-Moltone method for explaining the response of ship structure due to oscillation bubble. In order to agreement of solution way, stress-strain curves that obtained in this paper, is compared with experimental results. Also these results compared with FEMA results. Ship structure is modeled in ANSYS software in free beam form with variable mass and stiffness elements. Internal ship's equipments and buoyancy are modeled by local mass and spring.The effect of EXPLOSION depth and explosive mass on stress in ship structure is studied. These result show when EXPLOSION depth is increased, stress is decreased and when explosive mass is increased, stress is increased.  

An accurate and safer analysis for structure is possible if we can identify factors in the analysis more accurately.One of the important factors in the analysis is the identification the kind and intensity of structural loading. Among the types of loading, especially dynamic loads and impact loads resulting from the EXPLOSION, is far more complicated and difficult to determine. According to lab EXPLOSION modeling problems, using numerical modeling to analyze these phenomena can be reasonable. Uses grid methods like Finite element method caused a numerical error due to intense deformation and high velocity of blast. In this paper, UNDERWATER EXPLOSION was modeled and programmed with numerical mesh-less method, Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), using Fortran programming language and EXPLOSION pressure and WATER level changes in the blast were studied. Finally the solving problem is compared with empirical relation. The results of this model are very similar to empirical relationship. This program can be used for UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONs modeling and the results can be used to determine pressures and impacts on marine structures.

Due to the increasing application of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) shells, it seems necessary to investigate their behaviour UNDER different loads. Therefore, in this paper, the dynamic response of functionally graded materials cylindrical shells UNDER explosive load has been investigated with analytical and simulation methods. LS-DYNA software is used in the simulation method. In analytical solution, vibration of composite circular cylindrical shells is investigated based on the first-order deformation shell theory. The boundary conditions are assumed to be fully simply supported. The dynamic response of composite shells is studied UNDER blast loading. The modal technique is used to develop the analytical solution of composite shell. The solution for the shell UNDER the giving loading condition can be found using the convolution integral. Material properties are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction according to Reddy function. A FGM cylindrical shell is made up of a mixture of ceramic and metal. Results show that the effect of EXPLOSION is such that it has the greatest effect on the inner layer and with increasing thickness to the outside of the shell this effect decreases and when the maximum deflection occurs, the dynamic velocity is zero. Also, it was observed that with increasing length, the radial deflection increases due to increasing the distance from the support to the center of the shell.

One of the passive defense topics is the retrofitting of structures UNDER explosive effects. The WATER medium has more effect on submarine and marine structures subjected to EXPLOSION. Having large marine border in our country, it is necessary to study these phenomena. Regarding the geometrical shape of submarine and marine infrastructure, there are lots of studies concerning the flat and cylindrical plates. In this paper the effect of charge weight and standoff on plate deformation have been studied using ABAQUS / Explicit software and the results have been accurately confirmed when compared with available reported experimental results and relationships. Simulation methods, coefficients and parameters used in this paper can be used in the case of study and simulation of structure response subjected to UNDERWATER EXPLOSION load. By verification of conducted simulation, the initial design of cylindrical test chamber in two states without stiffener and with stiffener UNDER the effect of UNDERWATER EXPLOSION load has been assessed. By design of chamber using stiffener, the weight of chamber and effective cost are reduced considerably.